AFoE Home

 =

Search this site

Press Release: Embargoed Until 10.00 hrs (10am GMT) Tuesday 1st October
2002

FUTURE OF AQUACULTURE IN THE EU: SEA CAGE FISH FARMING FATALLY FLAWED

EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT HEAR A CALL TO "CLOSE THE CAGES"

A public hearing on 'Aquaculture in the European Union: Present
Situation and Future Prospects' takes place today (Tuesday 1st October:
9.00 - 13.00) at the European Parliament in Brussels:
<http://www.europarl.eu.int/hearings/20021001/pech/programme_en.pdf>
<http://www.europarl.eu.int/committees/pech_home.htm>

Last month the European Commission unveiled its first ever "Strategy for
the Sustainable Development of European Aquaculture" [1]. Don Staniford
[2], who presents a paper - "Sea cage fish farming: an evaluation of
environmental and public health aspects" - at today's public hearing,
said:

"If Europe is to have a sustainable future for both aquaculture and for
fisheries the salmon, sea bass, sea bream and tuna cages littering the
Mediterranean, Scottish and Irish coasts must be closed down or moved
into closed-containment facilities on land. A clash of cultures is
developing between sea cage finfish farmers and other sectors such as
shellfish farming, wild fisheries and tourism. Sea cage fish farmers'
reliance upon a cocktail of toxic chemicals to control parasites
and their discharge of untreated contaminated wastes makes them noxious
neighbours. Sea cages are spreading like a cancer around the European
coastline threatening the pristine marine environment, tourism,
shellfish waters and capture fisheries. Europe must now close the net
on sea cage fish farming"


The paper - "Sea cage fish farming: an evaluation of environmental and
public health aspects" - outlines 'The five fundamental flaws of sea
cage fish farming':

1) Discharge of untreated wastes
2) Mass escapes from sea cages
3) Spread of diseases and parasites
4) Use of toxic chemicals
5) Fish feed and food issues

Don Staniford concludes:

"The fundamental flaws of untreated wastes, mass escapes, the spread of
diseases and parasites and the use of toxic chemicals undermine the
future viability and sustainability of sea cage fish farming across
Europe. Ultimately, however, the fatal flaw of depleted and
contaminated fish feed and food safety issues will blow sea cage fish
farming out of the water. With salmon, sea bass, sea bream and tuna
farmers running out of wild fish to feed their caged fish and consumers
refusing to buy contaminated, tainted and fatty farmed fish products the
sea cage fish farming industry is belly up in the water already"

Other presentations include:

- "The development of fish farming in Europe" (Courteney Hough -
Federation of European Aquaculture Producers)
- "The development of salmon farming in Europe" (Angus Morgan - Scottish
Quality Salmon, Scottish Salmon Producers' Organisation and Food
Certification Scotland"
- "Mediterranean marine aquaculture" (Alexandros Leandros - Seafarm
Ioanian)
- "Turbot farming" (Fernando Aldana - Cluster Acuicultura de Galicia)
- "Freshwater fish farming" (Alessandro Perolo - Federation of European
Aquaculture Producers)
- "Mussel farming" (Jose Figueira Galban - Mexillon de Galicia)
- "Aquaculture and the environment" (Arne Ervik - Institute of Marine
Research Norway)
- "Shellfish farming in Europe" (Gouleven de Brest - National Union of
Shellfish farmers)


The public hearing - "Aquaculture in the European Union: Present
Situation and Future Prospects" - takes place in Room ASP 3 E 2 in front
of the Fisheries Committee in the European Parliament, rue Wiertz, 1047
Brussels. A full programme is available at:
<http://www.europarl.eu.int/hearings/20021001/pech/programme_en.pdf>
<http://www.europarl.eu.int/committees/pech_home.htm>


For further information (a full script is available) please contact:

Don Staniford on 00 44 7880 716082 or don.staniford@virgin.net <mailto:don.staniford@virgin.net>


Notes to Editors:

[1] "A Strategy for the Sustainable Development of European
Aquaculture" - Communication from the Commission to the Council and
European Parliament, 19th September:
<http://europa.eu.int/comm/fisheries/doc_et_publ/factsheets/legal_texts/docscom/en/com_02_511_en.pdf>

[2] Don Staniford is an independent consultant currently researching a
book entitled "Cancer of the Coast: the environmental and public health
disaster of sea cage fish farming". He is author of "The One That Got
Away: marine salmon farming in Scotland" published last year by Friends
of the Earth Scotland:
<http://www.foe-scotland.org.uk/nation/fish.html>
<http://www.loch-fyne.com/sustainability/sustainability_foe.htm>


And the author of "Cage Rage" published by The Ecologist:
<http://www.theecologist.org/archive_article.html?article=267&category=88>


Earlier this year he visited Chile to speak at a conference -
'Sustainability of the Salmon Industry in Chile and the World' -
sponsored by the British Embassy on "A Big Fish in a Small Pond: the
global environmental and public health threat of sea cage fish farming":
<http://www.watershed-watch.org/ww/publications/sf/BigFishSmallPond(Chile).pdf>
<http://www.terram.cl/Expo_Don.html>
<http://www.ecoceanos.cl/ingles/big.htm>

=======================================================

Euro Paper: "The Five Fundamental Flaws of Sea Cage Fish Farming"

Delgado, O et al (1999) Effects of fish farming on seagrass (Posidonia
oceanica) in a Mediterranean bay: seagrass decline after organic loading
cessation. Oceanogica Acta 22 (1), 109-117



Department of the Environment (1991) Proposed provisional environmental
quality standards for dichlorvos in water (ESSL 9378/DoE 2249-M/2). Water
Resources Centre, Medmenham <http://www.fwr.org/environs/dwi0119.htm>



Department of the Environment, Farming and Rural Affairs (2002) Ministers
act against a range of insecticides containing the chemical dichlorvos.
DEFRA, 19th April <http://www.defra.gov.uk/news/2002/020419a.htm>



Department of Health (1999) Committee on Mutagenicity statement on
malachite green and leucomalachite green. Department of Health, February

<http://www.doh.gov.uk/cot/malachit.htm>



Directorate for Nature Management (1999) Environmental objectives for
Norwegian aquaculture: new environmental objectives for 1998-2000.
Directorate for Nature Management, Trondheim <http://www.naturforaltning.no>



Douglas, J D M (1995) Salmon farming: occupational health in a new rural
industry. Occupational Medicine 45, 89-92



Dubhghaill, U M (2001) Ireland will 'monitor' EU criticisms - the Irish
authorities will respond to the European Commission's formal warning over
aquaculture developments in Lough Swilly. Intrafish, 25th May 2001

<http://www.intrafish.com/article.php?articleID=12667>



Easton, M D L, Luszniak, D and Von der Geest, E (2002) Preliminary
examination of contaminant loadings in farmed salmon, wild salmon and
commercial salmon feed. Chemosphere 46, 1053-1074

<http://www.elsevier.com/inca/publications/store/3/6/2/>



Ecotrust (2002) Ever wonder what's behind that farmed salmon steak?
Ecotrust, USA <http://www.ecotrust.org/>



Edwards, R (1998) Infested waters - sea lice from salmon farms threaten
Scotland's sea trout. New Scientist 159 (2141), 23



Edwards, R (1999) Shops in salmon boycott over virus. The Sunday Herald,
7th November <http://sundayherald.cw.cims.co.uk/5238>



Edwards, R (2002a) Big catch - fish farming is flourishing at the expense
of other marine life. New Scientist, 27th April
<http://www.sundayherald.co.uk/24181>

<http://www.planetark.org/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/15660/story.htm>



Edwards, R (2002b) Study proves cancer-link chemicals in farm salmon: call
for consumer boycott as groundbreaking study finds evidence of major
pollutants in the food chain. The Sunday Herald, 7th July
<http://www.sundayherald.com/26081>



Ellis, D W (1996) Net loss: the salmon netcage industry in B.C. David
Suzuki Foundation, Vancouver

<http://www.davidsuzuki.org/Publications/Aquaculture_Reports/default.asp>



ENDS (2000) Norwegian fish farms 'now major polluters'. ENDS, April

<http://www.environmentdaily.com/articles/index.cfm?action=article&ref=7415&s>
earchtext=salmon&searchtype=All



ENDS (2001a) Alarm in Norway over food contamination. ENDS, 22nd January

<http://www.environmentdaily.com/articles/index.cfm?action=article&ref=9146&s>
earchtext=dioxin&searchtype=All



ENDS (2001b) Sweden, Finland win dioxin in fish derogation. ENDS, 26th
November

<http://www.environmentdaily.com/articles/index.cfm?action=article&ref=11104>



Enell, M (1995) Environmental impacts of nutrients from Nordic fish
farming. Water Science and Technology 31 (10), 61-71



ENN (2002) New WWF report says tuna farming will strike deathblow to
Mediterranean tuna. ENN, 11th April 2002

<http://www.enn.com/direct/display-release.asp?id=6600>



Ernst, W et al (2001) Dispersion and toxicity to non-target aquatic
organisms of pesticides used to treat sea lice on salmon in net pen
enclosures. Marine Pollution Bulletin 42 (6), 433-444

<http://www.elsevier.com/gej-ng/10/32/47/34/30/25/abstract.html>



Ervik, A et al (1997) Regulating the local environmental impact of
intensive marine fish farming I: the concept of the MOM system
(Modelling-Ongrowing fish farms-Monitoring). Aquaculture 158, 85-94



European Aquaculture Society (1996) Emerging pathologies in seabass and
seabream reared intensively. Roundtable discussion at the Seabass and
Seabream Workshop in Verona, 16-18th October

<http://www.easonline.org/agenda/en/pastmeetings/seabass.asp>



European Commission (1995) Aquaculture and the environment in the European
Community. Directorate General for Fisheries, Brussels (ISBN 92-826-9066-0)



European Commission (1998) Risks presented by Listeria monocytogenes on
cold smoked salmon. Cordis publications, Brussels

<http://dbs.cordis.lu/cordis-cgi/srchidadb?ACTION=D&SESSION=79532002-9-28&DOC>
=148&TBL=EN_PUBL&RCN=EN_RCN:199820956&CALLER=EN_CORDIS



European Commission (2000a) Opinion on dioxins in food. Scientific
Committee on Animal Nutrition, Brussels
<http://europa.eu.int/comm/food/fs/sc/scan/out55_en.pdf>



European Commission (2000b) Opinion on the risk assessment of dioxins and
dioxin-like PCBs in food. Scientific Committee on Food, Brussels

<http://europa.eu.int/comm/food/fs/sc/scf/out78_en.pdf>



European Commission (2000c) Final report of a mission carried out in Malta
from 12 to 17 July 2000 for the purpose of assessing the conditions of
production of fishery products. DG SANCO, European Commission
<http://europa.eu.int/comm/food/fs/inspections/vi/reports/malta/vi_rep_malt_1>
048-2000_en.pdf



European Commission (2000d) The development of transgenic animals
(including fish) with novel characteristics. First Framework Programme,
Brussels

<http://dbs.cordis.lu/cordis-cgi/srchidadb?ACTION=D&SESSION=79532002-9-28&DOC>
=27&TBL=EN_PROJ&RCN=EP_RCN:13704&CALLER=EN_CORDIS

European Commission (2000e) An assessment of the genetic consequences of
the deliberate and inadvertent introduction of non-native Atlantic salmon
into natural populations. Third Framework Programme, Brussels
<http://dbs.cordis.lu/cordis-cgi/srchidadb?ACTION=D&SESSION=79532002-9-28&DOC>
=32&TBL=EN_PROJ&RCN=EP_RCN:16680&CALLER=EN_CORDIS

European Commission (2000f) The interaction between fish farm induced
environmental change and fish health in intensive mariculture. Second
Framework Programme, Brussels
<http://dbs.cordis.lu/cordis-cgi/srchidadb?ACTION=D&SESSION=79532002-9-28&DOC>
=48&TBL=EN_PROJ&RCN=EP_RCN:16908&CALLER=EN_CORDIS

European Commission (2000g) Biological containment of transgenic fish and
risk assessment of inter-species gene transfer. Third Framework Programme,
Brussels
<http://dbs.cordis.lu/cordis-cgi/srchidadb?ACTION=D&SESSION=79532002-9-28&DOC>
=57&TBL=EN_PROJ&RCN=EP_RCN:26999&CALLER=EN_CORDIS

European Commission (2000h) Hybridisation between escaped farmed Atlantic
salmon and brown trout: frequency, distribution, behavioural mechanisms and
effects on fitness. Third Framework Programme, Brussels
<http://dbs.cordis.lu/cordis-cgi/srchidadb?ACTION=D&SESSION=79532002-9-28&DOC>
=63&TBL=EN_PROJ&RCN=EP_RCN:29540&CALLER=EN_CORDIS

European Commission (2001a) Dioxin in Food: Byrne welcomes adoption by
Council of dioxin limits in food. European Commission news release, 29th
November
<http://europa.eu.int/comm/dgs/health_consumer/library/press/press169_en.pdf>
<http://europa.eu.int/comm/dgs/health_consumer/library/press/press170_en.pdf>

European Commission (2001b) Food fraud: detecting food law cheats: salmon -
wild or farmed? European Commission, 23rd November

http://europa.eu.int/comm/research/growth/gcc/projects/food-fraud.html#05 <http://europa.eu.int/comm/research/growth/gcc/projects/food-fraud.html>

<http://dbs.cordis.lu/fep-cgi/srchidadb?ACTION=D&SESSION=247312002-9-28&DOC=2>
&TBL=EN_PROJ&RCN=EP_RCN_A:58322&CALLER=PROJ_FP5



European Commission (2001c) Consumers to get more information on fisheries
products. European Commission news release, 22nd October
<http://europa.eu.int/rapid/start/cgi/guesten.ksh?p_action.gettxt=gt&doc=IP/0>
1/1461|0|RAPID&lg=EN;



European Commission (2001d) The Common Fisheries Policy after 2002.
European Commission, Brussels

<http://europa.eu.int/comm/fisheries/greenpaper/green1_en.htm>

<http://europa.eu.int/comm/fisheries/doc_et_publ/cfp_en.htm>

<http://europa.eu.int/comm/fisheries/reform/aquaculture_en.htm>

European Commission (2001e) Sea-Lice resistance to chemotherapeutants
diagnosis, mechanisms, dynamics and control. Cordis Fifth Framework
Project, Brussels
<http://dbs.cordis.lu/fep-cgi/srchidadb?ACTION=D&SESSION=247312002-9-28&DOC=7>
&TBL=EN_PROJ&RCN=EP_RCN_A:54655&CALLER=PROJ_FP5

European Commission (2001f) Gastrointestinal functions and food intake
regulation in salmonids: impact of dietary vegetable lipids. Cordis Fifth
Framework Project, Brussels
<http://dbs.cordis.lu/fep-cgi/srchidadb?ACTION=D&SESSION=247312002-9-28&DOC=1>
4&TBL=EN_PROJ&RCN=EP_RCN_A:63149&CALLER=PROJ_FP5

European Commission (2001g) Researching alternatives to fish oil for
aquaculture. Cordis Fifth Framework Project, Brussels
<http://dbs.cordis.lu/fep-cgi/srchidadb?ACTION=D&SESSION=247312002-9-28&DOC=1>
8&TBL=EN_PROJ&RCN=EP_RCN_A:63196&CALLER=PROJ_FP5

European Commission (2001h) Impact of aquaculture on the immune response
genes of natural salmonid populations:spatial and temporal genetic
signatures and potential fitness consequences. Cordis Fifth Framework
Project, Brussels
<http://dbs.cordis.lu/fep-cgi/srchidadb?ACTION=D&SESSION=247312002-9-28&DOC=2>
1&TBL=EN_PROJ&RCN=EP_RCN_A:63209&CALLER=PROJ_FP5

European Commission (2002a) Opinion of the Scientific Committee on Animal
Nutrition on the use of canthaxanthin for use in feedingstuffs for salmon
and trout, laying hens and other poultry. Health and Consumer Protection
DG, 17th April <http://europa.eu.int/comm/food/fs/sc/scan/out81_en.pdf>

European Commission (2002b) Limits on presence of dioxin in food and feed
enter into force on 1 July. European Commission news release, 28th June
<http://europa.eu.int/rapid/start/cgi/guesten.ksh?p_action.gettxt=gt&doc=IP/0>
2/959|0|RAPID&lg=EN&display=

European Commission (2002c) A strategy for the sustainable development of
European aquaculture. Communication from the Commission to the Council and
European Parliament, 19th September

<http://europa.eu.int/comm/fisheries/doc_et_publ/factsheets/legal_texts/docsc>
om/en/com_02_511_en.pdf



European Commission (2002d) Diagnoses, pathogeneses and epidemiologies of
salmonid alphavirus diseases. Cordis Fifth Framework Project, Brussels

<http://dbs.cordis.lu/fep-cgi/srchidadb?ACTION=D&SESSION=247312002-9-28&DOC=9>
&TBL=EN_PROJ&RCN=EP_RCN_A:58990&CALLER=PROJ_FP5



European Commission (2002e) Dioxin and PCB accumulation in farmed fish from
feed. Cordis Fifth Framework Project, Brussels

<http://dbs.cordis.lu/fep-cgi/srchidadb?ACTION=D&SESSION=247312002-9-28&DOC=2>
2&TBL=EN_PROJ&RCN=EP_RCN_A:63226&CALLER=PROJ_FP5



European Commission (2002f) Recombinant vaccines against infectious
pancreatic necrosis (IPN) in salmonid fish. Fourth Framework Programme,
Brussels

<http://dbs.cordis.lu/cordis-cgi/srchidadb?ACTION=D&SESSION=79532002-9-28&DOC>
=72&TBL=EN_PROJ&RCN=EP_RCN:34910&CALLER=EN_CORDIS



European Commission (2002g) Aquaculture management and ecological
interaction of noxius phytopl ankton developments in the south of Latin
America. Fourth Framework Programme, Brussels

<http://dbs.cordis.lu/cordis-cgi/srchidadb?ACTION=D&SESSION=79532002-9-28&DOC>
=95&TBL=EN_PROJ&RCN=EP_RCN:40155&CALLER=EN_CORDIS



European Commission (2002h) Performance and ecological Impacts of
introduced and escaped fish: physiological and behavioural mechanisms.
Fourth Framework Programme, Brussels

<http://dbs.cordis.lu/cordis-cgi/srchidadb?ACTION=D&SESSION=79532002-9-28&DOC>
=108&TBL=EN_PROJ&RCN=EP_RCN:48060&CALLER=EN_CORDIS



European Commission (2002i) Cost effective and environmentally-friendly
feed management strategies for Mediterranean cage aquaculture. Fourth
Framework Programme, Brussels

<http://dbs.cordis.lu/cordis-cgi/srchidadb?ACTION=D&SESSION=79532002-9-28&DOC>
=119&TBL=EN_PROJ&RCN=EP_RCN:55104&CALLER=EN_CORDIS



European Commission (2002j) Gene transfer into fish. Cordis, Brussels

<http://dbs.cordis.lu/cordis-cgi/srchidadb?ACTION=D&SESSION=79532002-9-28&DOC>
=159&TBL=EN_RESU&RCN=EN_RCN:16745&CALLER=EN_CORDIS



European Commission (2002k) Improvement of transgenic technologies in fish:
assessments and reduction of risks. Fourth Framework Programme, Brussels

<http://dbs.cordis.lu/cordis-cgi/srchidadb?ACTION=D&SESSION=223342002-9-28&DO>
C=2&TBL=EN_PROJ&RCN=EP_RCN:48135&CALLER=EISIMPLE_EN_PROJ



European Commission (2002l) Molecular basis of fish immunity for disease
resistance. Fourth Framework Programme, Brussels

<http://dbs.cordis.lu/cordis-cgi/srchidadb?ACTION=D&SESSION=234282002-9-28&DO>
C=1&TBL=EN_PROJ&RCN=EP_RCN:34931&CALLER=EISIMPLE_EN_PROJ



European Medicines Evaluation Agency (1999) Azamethiphos - risk assessment.
EMEA, London <http://www.emea.eu.int/pdfs/vet/mrls/000195en.pdf>

<http://www.emea.eu.int/pdfs/vet/mrls/052798en.pdf>



European Parliament (1996a) Aquaculture: development, environmental impact,
product quality improvements Volume II - the present state of aquaculture in
the EU member states and its future up to 2005 (Scientific and Technological
Options Assessment). Directorate General for Research, Brussels



European Parliament (1996b) Aquaculture: development, environmental impact,
product quality improvements Volume III - technical aspects and prospects
for a sustained development of the aquaculture sector (Scientific and
Technological Options Assessment). Directorate General for Research,
Brussels



European Parliament (2000) Report on the proposal for a Council directive
amending Directive 93/53/EEC introducing minimum Community measures for the
control of certain fish diseases. Fisheries Committee, 21st February

<http://www2.europarl.eu.int/omk/OM-Europarl?PROG=REPORT&L=EN&PUBREF=-//EP//T>
EXT+REPORT+A5-2000-0036+0+NOT+SGML+V0//EN

</Titre>

European Parliament (2001) Effects on the fisheries industries on the
Commission proposals (SANCO) on dioxin content of fish, fish oil and fish
meal as part of animal feed regulations (Scientific and Technological
Options Assessment). European Parliament, Brussels



European Parliament (2002) Working document on aquaculture in the European
Union: the present situation and future prospects. Committee on Fisheries,
Brussels



Fagan, M (2001) Fish and shellfish farming 'incompatible'. Intrafish, 21st
June

<http://www.intrafish.com/article.php?articleID=13493>



Federation of European Aquaculture Producers (2002) Aquaculture data.
FEAP, Belgium

<http://www.feap.info/feap/aquaculturedata/default_en.asp>



Fennelly, S (2002) ISA at Irish farm. Fish Farming International,
September

Fischler, F (1999) The future of aquaculture in Europe. Paper presented at
the 3rd annual Conference PESCA in Santiago de Compostela, 5th November 1999
<http://europa.eu.int/comm/fisheries/news_corner/discours/speech1_en.htm>

Fisheries Information Service (2002a) Spain: Traders take advantage of
label change transition. FIS, 21st August
<http://www.fis.com/fis/worldnews/worldnews.asp?monthyear=8-2002&day=21&id=34>
70&l=e&country=&special=&ndb=1



Fisheries Information Service (2002b) Malta: Dismay as tuna farm gets green
light - WWF has warned that tuna farms are a risk to wild bluefin tuna.
FIS, 12th September 2002
<http://www.fis.com/fis/worldnews/worldnews.asp?l=e&country=&monthyear=&day>=&
id=3737&ndb=1



Fleming, I A and Einum S (1997) Experimental tests of genetic divergence of
farmed from wild Atlantic salmon due to domestication. ICES Journal of
Marine Science, 54: 1051-1063



Fleming, I A et al (2000) Lifetime success and interactions of farm salmon
invading a native population. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B
267 (1452), 1517-1523



Folke, C et al (1994) The costs of eutrophication from salmon farming:
implications for policy. Journal of Environmental Management 40 (2),
173-182



Food and Drug Administration (2002) US FDA refusal actions and recalls.
January - February 2002 <http://www.fda.gov/ora/oasis/2/ora_oasis_i_16.html>

<http://www.safetyalerts.com/recall/f/02/f0000130.htm>

<http://www.safetyalerts.com/recall/f/02/f0000130.htm>

<http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ENFORCE/ENF00647.html>



Food Safety Authority of Ireland (2002) Investigation on PCDDs/PCDFs and
several PCBs in fish samples (salmon and trout). FSAI, Dublin

<http://www.fsai.ie/industry/Dioxins3.htm>



Friends of the Earth Scotland (2001a) The one that got away - marine salmon
farming in Scotland. Friends of the Earth Scotland, Edinburgh
<http://www.foe-scotland.org.uk/nation/fish.html>
<http://www.loch-fyne.com/sustainability/sustainability_foe.htm>


Friends of the Earth Scotland (2001b) 'Back to basics' call for Scotland's
salmon farmers: FoE demands the 3Rs - relocation, reduction and removal.
30th September

<http://www.foe-scotland.org.uk/press/pr20010914.html>



G3 Consulting (2000) Salmon aquaculture waste management review and update.
Prepared for the BC Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks.

<http://wlapwww.gov.bc.ca/epd/epdpa/industrial_waste/agriculture/salmon_aqu.p>
df



Gardar, J (2002a) 600,000 Faroese salmon on the run after storms.
Intrafish, 28th February
<http://www.intrafish.com/article.php?articleID=21073>



Gardar, J (2002b) Faroe Salmon stricken by ISA again. Intrafish, 5th July

<http://intrafish.com/article.php?articleID=24895>



Gardar, J (2002c) Three Faroe companies under dumping investigation.
Intrafish, 29th August <http://www.intrafish.com/article.php?articleID=26561>



Gargan, P and Tully, O (2002) Sea lice infestation of sea trout in Ireland:
1992-2001. Poster presented at the 6th International Atlantic Salmon
Symposium in Edinburgh, 16-18th July



GESAMP (1996) Monitoring the ecological effects of coastal aquaculture
wastes. Report No. 57. FAO, Rome <http://gesamp.imo/org/no57/index.htm>



GESAMP (1997) Towards the safe and effective use of chemicals in coastal
aquaculture. Report No. 65. FAO, Rome <http://gesamp.imo.org/no65/index.htm>

http://www.fao.org/docrep/meeting/003/w6435e.htm#concern <http://www.fao.org/docrep/meeting/003/w6435e.htm>



George, R and Bhopal, R (1995) Fat composition of free living and farmed
sea species: implications for human diet and sea-farming techniques. British
Food Journal, 97, 19-22



Girling, R (2001) Is this fish or is it foul? - Tuck into this: salmon's
flesh is flushed with chemicals, not health, and its farming as cruel as
that of any battery hen. The Sunday Times, 30th September
<http://www.fobhb.org/SundayTimes6.htm>

<http://www.fobhb.org/SundayTimes7.htm>

<http://www.fobhb.org/SundayTimes8.htm>

<http://www.fobhb.org/SundayTimes9.htm>

<http://www.fobhb.org/SundayTimes10.htm>

http://www.fobhb.org/SundayTimes10.htm#girling <http://www.fobhb.org/SundayTimes10.htm>



Gowen, R J (1990) An assessment of the impacts of fish farming on the water
column and sediments ecosystem of Irish coastal waters. Department of the
Marine, Dublin



Gowen, R J and Ezzi, I A (1992) Assessment and production of the potential
for hypernutrification and eutrophication associated with cage culture of
salmonids in Scottish coastal waters. Dunstaffnage Marine Laboratory, Oban



Grave, K, Engelstad, M and Soli, N E (1991) Utilization of dichlorvos and
trichlorofon in salmonid farming in Norway during 1981 - 1988. Acta Vet.
Scand 32, 1-7



Hansen, L P, Jacobsen, J A and Lund, R A (1999) The incidence of escaped
farmed Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., in the Faroese fishery and estimates
of catches of wild salmon. ICES Journal of Marine Science 56(2), 200-206



HELCOM (2001) Measures aimed at the reduction of discharges from marine
fish farms. Helsinki Commission, Finland



Hellou, J et al (2002a) Priority contaminants in sediments around
aquaculture cages. Fisheries and Oceans, Canada



Hellou, J et al (2002b) Unintentional use of organic contaminants in
aquaculture and impact on sediments. Fisheries and Oceans, Canada



Hjellestad, O (2001a) Vegetables save salmon farming - more research on
vegetable substitutes for marine raw materials in fish feed is needed.
Fisheries Information Service, 3rd July
<http://fis.com/fis/worldnews/worldnews.asp?l=e&id=19123>



Hjellestad, O (2001b) Blue whiting recommendation poses serious threat -
Norwegian fishmeal and fish oil plants wouldn't have much to do in winter if
blue whiting catches were banned. Fisheries Information Service, 27th June

<http://fis.com/fis/worldnews/worldnews.asp?l=e&id=19045>



Hjellestad, O (2002) Researchers try krill feed experiment - future fish
feed may contain krill raw material. Fisheries Information Service, 22nd
May

<http://www.fis.com/fis/worldnews/worldnews.asp?l=e&country=&monthyear=5-2002>
&day=22&id=2404&ndb=1

<http://fis.com/fis/worldnews/worldnews.asp?l=e&id=19181>



Holst, J C et al (2002) Mortality of seaward migrating post smolts of
Atlantic salmon due to salmon lice infestation in western Norwegian salmon
stocks. Paper presented at the 6th International Atlantic Salmon Symposium
in Edinburgh, 16-18th July



Horsberg, T (2000) Food safety aspects of aquaculture products in Norway.
Caligus 6, March <http://www.aims.ca/Aqua/horsberg.htm>

<http://www.ecoserve.ie/projects/sealice/caligus6.pdf>



Horsberg, T E and Hoy, T (1990) Residues of dichlorvos in Atlantic salmon
(Salmo salar) after delousing. Journal of Agricultural Food Chemistry 38,
1403-1406

<http://www.ecoserve.ie/projects/sealice/nuvan.html>

<http://www.veso.no/aquamedicine/pharmacology_projects.html>



Horsberg, T E Hoy, T and Nafstad, I (1989) Organophosphate poisoning of
Atlantic salmon in connection with treatment against salmon lice. Acta.
Vet. Scand. 30, 385-390 <http://www.ecoserve.ie/projects/sealice/nuvan.html>



Institute for Agriculture Trade and Policy (2002) A salmon shoppers' guide.
IATP, Minneapolis
<http://www.factoryfarm.org/docs/SalmonShoppersGuide-Activist.pdf>
<http://www.iatp.org/faspf/library/uploadedfiles/Go_Wild_Reject_The_Farms.doc>



International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (1996) Report of the
working group on environmental impacts of mariculture. ICES C.M. F/5,
Nantes



International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (1999a) Report of the
working group on environmental impacts of mariculture. ICES C.M. F/2,
Montpelier



International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (1999b) Symposium on
the environmental effects of mariculture: HABs and mariculture. September,
New Brunswick <http://www.ices.dk/symposia/eem/eemoral.htm>

<http://www.ices.dk/symposia/eem/habsess1.htm>

<http://www.ices.dk/symposia/eem/Diagram.pdf>



Intrafish (1998) Using banned chemical - one of Shetland's biggest salmon
firms was fined a thousand pounds yesterday for using the banned fish farm
chemical Cypermethrin. Intrafish, 30th April
<http://www.intrafish.com/article.php?articleID=809>



Intrafish (1999a) IPN main reason for losses. Intrafish, 15th March

<http://intrafish.com/article.php?articleID=3037>



Intrafish (1999b) IPN in Norway: every fourth smolt killed. Intrafish,
26th May

<http://intrafish.com/article.php?articleID=3571>



Intrafish (2001) Nutreco shares are taking a near 15% dive - the food scare
caused by the BBC documentary yet to be broadcast has caused Nutreco shares
to plummet by almost 15 per cent. Intrafish, 5th January

<http://www.intrafish.com/article.php?articleID=9361>

<http://csf.colorado.edu/mail/deep-ecology/2001/msg00010.html>



Intrafish (2002a) UK surveillance programme finds PCBs in Chilean and
Danish fish. Intrafish, 4th March
<http://www.intrafish.com/article.php?articleID=21139>



Intrafish (2002b) Greek aquaculture squeezing tourism out? Intrafish, 13th
September <http://www.intrafish.com/article.php?articleID=27081>



Intrafish (2002c) Norway: 11 million farmed salmon lost in 2001.
Intrafish, 12th September
<http://www.intrafish.com/article.php?articleID=27042>



Intrafish (2002d) EC could give initial Chilean dumping verdict in
November. Intrafish, 26th September

<http://www.intrafish.com/article.php?articleID=27483>



Irish Times (2002) Save the Swilly presents 10,000-signature petition to
EU. Irish Times, 28th March



Jacobs, M et al (2000) Investigations of CDDs, PCDFs and selected coplanar
PCBs in Scottish farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Organohalogen
Compounds 47, 338-341
<http://www.cevs.ucdavis.edu/ces_pages/conferences/dioxin2000/scientific/>



Jacobs, M et al (2002a) Investigation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins,
dibenzo-p-furans and selected coplanar biphenyls in Scottish farmed Atlantic
salmon (Salmo salar). Chemosphere 47 (2), 183-191
<http://www.sciencedirect.com>



Jacobs, M et al (2002b) Investigation of selected persistent organic
pollutants in farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), salmon aquaculture feed,
and fish oil components of the feed. Environmental Science and Technology
36 (13), 2797-2805

<http://pubs.acs.org/journals/esthag/>

<http://pubs.acs.org/subscribe/journals/esthag-a/36/i13/toc/toc_i13.html>



Jensen, B A (2001) Illegal medicine used in Norwegian marine farming.
Intrafish, 3rd August <http://www.intrafish.com/articlea.php?articleID=14738>

<http://www.biomar.no/niv2/produkter/sertiikat/Malachite_eng.html>



Kiviranta, H et al (2002) Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans
and biphenyls in fishermen in Finland. Environmental Health Perspectives
110 (4), 355-361



Lundebye, A K, Boe, B and Julsham, K (2000) Documenting seafood safety:
contaminant concentrations in Norwegian fish feeds and mariculture products.
ICES CM P: 03, 1-2



Lutzhoft, H, Halling, S and Jorgensen, S (1999) Algal toxicity of
antibacterial agents applied in Danish fish farming. Archives of
Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 36(1), 1



Mac, M J et al (1979) PCBs and DDE in commercial fish feeds. Progressive
Fish Culturist 41, 210-211



MacAllister Elliot and Partners (1999) Forward study of community
aquaculture. MacAllister Elliot and Partners, Lymington

<http://europa.eu.int/comm/fisheries/doc_et_publ/liste_publi/studies/aquacult>
ure.pdf



Macaskill, M (2002) Wasting disease threat to fish farms: new danger - more
than half of Scotland's fish farms have reported cases of a wasting disease,
IPN, which could wipe out the industry. The Sunday Times, 11th August



Martin, J (2000) Does salmonid aquaculture impact blooms of Alexandrium,
pseudo-nitzschia and dinophysis? Paper presented at Harmful Algal Blooms
2000, Tasmania

<http://www.utas.edu.au/docs/plant_science/HAB2000/abstracts/docs/Martin_Jenn>
ifer.html

<http://www.mar.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/sabs/SALMON2001.htm>



Mastracchio, E (1992) Aquaculture development in the Community and the need
for change. In Aquaculture and the Environment, European Aquaculture
Society Special Publication No 16, 9-12



McDowell, N (2002) Stream of escaped farmed fish raises fears for wild
salmon. Nature, 11th April
<http://www.pirg.org/ge/reports/naturemag_gefish.pdf>



McGinnity, P et al (1997) Genetic impact of escaped farmed Atlantic salmon
(Salmo salar) on native populations: use of DNA profiling to assess
freshwater performance of wild, farmed and hybrid progeny in a natural river
environment. ICES Journal of Marine Science 54, 998-1008



McGinnity, P et al (2002) A comparison of the fitness of farmed/wild
"hybrid" salmon with native fish. Paper presented at the 6th International
Atlantic Salmon Symposium in Edinburgh, 16-18th July



Meldon, J (ed) (1993) Aquaculture in Ireland - towards sustainability. An
Taisce, Dublin



MERAMED (2002) The MERAMED project site. European Commission, Brussels

<http://www.meramed.com/summary.htm>

<http://dbs.cordis.lu/fep-cgi/srchidadb?ACTION=D&SESSION=247312002-9-28&DOC=2>
0&TBL=EN_PROJ&RCN=EP_RCN_A:63206&CALLER=PROJ_FP5



Merritt, M (2002) Salmon farms: 'a licence to pollute' - watchdog attacked
for letting use of chemical use spiral. Scotland on Sunday, 24th February

<http://www.scotlandonsunday.com/scotland.cfm?id=212062002>



Milewski, I (2001) Impacts of salmon aquaculture on the coastal
environment: a review. Paper presented at a conference in New Brunswick,
Canada

<http://eastern.penbay.org/downloads/mmilewski.pdf>



Milewski, I, Harvey, J and Buerkle, B (1997) After the gold rush - the
status and future of salmon aquaculture in New Brunswick. Conservation
Council of New Brunswick, Fredericton
<http://www.seaweb.org/resources/sac/reports/2.html>



Milieudefensie (2002) 'Good behaviour should not stop at border': Friends of
the Earth files complaint against salmon producer Nutreco. Milieudefensie,
20th August
<http://www.milieudefensie.nl/persber/globalisering/020820english.htm>



Millar, G (1999) EU bombshell hits the desks. Fish Farming International,
August

Millar, S (2001) Salmon farmers braced for clampdown on toxins. The
Observer, 7th January
<http://www.guardian.co.uk/Archive/Article/0,4273,4113652,00.html>



Milner, N J and Evans, R (2002) The incidence of escaped Irish salmon in
English and Welsh rivers. Poster presented at the 6th International
Atlantic Salmon Symposium in Edinburgh, 16-18th July



Ministry of Agriculture Fisheries and Food (1999) Dioxins in fish and
fishery products. MAFF, London

<http://www.foodstandards.gov.uk/maff/archive/food/infsheet/1999/no184/184dio>
x.htm

<http://www.endsreport.com/issue/article.cfm?ArticleID=5726&Criteria=dioxins>&
SearchType=phrase



Moore, A and Waring C (2001) The effects of a synthetic pyrethroid on some
aspects of reproduction in Atlantic salmon. Aquatic Toxicology 52, 1-12



Munday, B W et al (1992) The interactions of aquaculture and the
environment: a bibliography review. Report prepared for the EC's
Directorate for Fisheries, Brussels



Navarro, N (2000) Planktonic ecosystem impacts of salmon cage aquaculture
in a Scottish sea loch. ICES Cooperative Research Report 240, Denmark

<http://www.biology.au.dk/~biopg/YSCHP/Old/applic/108.HTM>

<http://www.ices.dk/pubs/crr/crr240/crr240.pdf>



Naylor, R L et al (1998) Nature's subsidies to shrimp and salmon farming.
Science, 282 (5390), 883-884 <http://www.nature.com>



Naylor, R L et al (2000) Effect of aquaculture on world fish supplies.
Nature 405, 1017-1024
<http://www.nature.com/cgi-taf/DynaPage.taf?file=/nature/journal/v405/n6790/f>
ull/4051017a0_fs.html



New Scientist (1997) Salmon boycott - two British supermarket chains are
refusing to sell salmon from fish farms which use a pesticide called
ivermectin to kill sea lice. New Scientist, 10th May



Nishimura, A (1982) The effects of organic matters produced in fish farms
on the growth of red tide algae Gymnodinium-type '65 and Chatonella antiqua.
Bulletin of the Plankton Society of Japan 29, 1-7



O'Brien, D P (1989) Salmonid farming in Ireland: environmental and
legislative problems assessed. Earthwatch, Dublin



O'Sullivan, R (1989) Intensive fin fish farming in Ireland: a cause for
concern. Published by the author.



OECD (1989) Aquaculture: developing a new industry. OECD, Washington



Oetjen, K and Karl, H (1998) Levels of toxaphene indicator compounds in
fish meal, fish oil and fish feed. Chemosphere 37 (1), 1-11



Oliver, P and Colleran, E (eds) (1990) Interactions between aquaculture and
the environment. An Taisce, Dublin



OSPAR (1994) PARCOM recommendation 94/6 on best environmental practice for
the reduction of inputs of potentially toxic chemicals from aquaculture use.
Oslo and Paris Conventions for the Prevention of Marine Pollution, 16th
Joint meeting



OSPAR (2001) Nutrient discharges from fish farming in the OSPAR Convention
area. Oslo and Paris Commission, Copenhagen
<http://www.ospar.org/v_publications>



Paone, S (2000a) Farmed and dangerous: human health risks associated with
salmon farming. Friends of Clayoquot Sound, Tofino

<http://www.ancientrainforest.org/reports/salmon_farming_health_risks.pdf>



Paone, S (2000b) Industrial Disease: The risk of disease transfer from
farmed salmon to wild salmon. Friends of Clayoquot Sound, Tofino

<http://www.seaweb.org/resources/sac/reports/6.html>



Pauly, D et al (2002) Towards sustainability in world fisheries. Nature
418, 689 - 695

<http://www.nature.com/cgi-taf/DynaPage.taf?file=/nature/journal/v418/n6898/f>
ull/nature01017_fs.html



Pergent, G et al (1999) Preliminary data on the impact of fish farming
facilities on Posidonia oceanica meadows in the Mediterranean. Oceanologica
Acta 22 (1), 95-107



Persson, G (1991) Eutrophication resulting from salmonid fish culture in
fresh and salt waters: Scandinavian experiences. In C B Cowey and C Y Cho
(eds) Nutritional strategies in management of aquaculture waste. University
of Guelph, Ontario



Pesticides Residues Committee (2002) Pesticides residues monitoring.
October - December 2001 <http://www.pesticides.gov.uk/committees/PRC/2001.htm>

<http://www.pesticides.gov.uk/committees/PRC/fourthq2001rev1/q4rep-01rev1.pdf>

<http://www.pesticides.gov.uk/committees/PRC/fourthq2001rev1/q4sumtabsrev1.pd>
f

<http://www.pesticides.gov.uk/committees/PRC/fourthq2001rev1/q4annexrev1.pdf>



Pike, I H and Barlow, S M (1999) Fish meal and oil to the year 2010:
supplies for aquaculture. Paper presented at the World Aquaculture Society
Conference '99. Sydney, Australia <http://www.fishlink.co.uk/ifoma/raw.html>



Poole, W R et al (2000) Occurrence of canthaxanthin in Atlantic salmon,
Salmo salar L., fry in Irish rivers as an indicator of escaped farmed
salmon. Fisheries Management and Ecology, October
<http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/servlet/useragent?func=synergy&synergyActio>
n=showAbstract&doi=10.1046/j.1365-2400.2000.00209.x



Reuters (2002) Friends of Earth slam Nutreco for Chile salmon. Reuters,
22nd August
<http://www.planetark.org/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/17401/story.htm>



Richardson, C (2001a) 'Dishonest' labelling in 25% of French cases.
Intrafish, 14th November <http://intrafish.com/article.php?articleID=18018>



Richardson, C (2001b) Farmed fish 'too fat' - French consumer magazine.
Intrafish, 14th November
<http://www.intrafish.com/article.php?articleID=18012>



Richardson, C (2002a) Lip-service to labels in France. Intrafish, 9th
January <http://www.intrafish.com/article.php?articleID=19620>



Richardson, C (2002b) European Commission finally to discuss sea bream and
sea bass crisis. Intrafish, 2nd May
<http://www.intrafish.com/article.php?articleID=22861>



Richardson, C (2002c) French consumers perception of farmed fish 'not
encouraging' - Ofimer. Intrafish, 23rd August
<http://www.intrafish.com/articlea.php?articleID=26387>



Ronnberg, O et al (1992) Effects of fish farming on growth, epiphytes and
nutrient content of Fucus vesiculosus L. in the Aland archipelago, northern
Baltic sea. Aquatic Botany 42, 109-120



Rosenthal, H, Hilge, V and Kamstra, A (eds) (1993) Proceedings of the
workshop on fish farm effluents and their control in EC countries.
Department of Fish Biology, University of Kiel
<http://www.aquachallenge.org/CVs/rosenthal_CV.html>



Ross, A (1989) Nuvan use in salmon farming: the antithesis of the
precautionary principle. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 20 (8), 372-374

<http://www.artneq.com/Tim/Timarchive/humphrys.htm>



Ross, A (1990) UK usage of pesticides - controls and lessons to be learned.
In P Oliver and E Colleran (eds) Interactions between aquaculture and the
environment. An Taisce, Dublin



Ross, A (1997) Leaping in the dark: a review of the environmental impacts of
marine salmon farming in Scotland and proposals for change. Scottish
Wildlife and Countryside Link, Perth
<http://www.pan-uk.org/pestnews/pn37/pn37p17c.htm>

<http://www.scotlink.co.uk>



Ross, A and Horsman, P V (1988) The use of Nuvan 500 EC in the salmon
farming industry. Marine Conservation Society, Ross-on-Wye



Ross, D and Holme, C (2001) Split on use of fish farm drugs - shellfish
producers call for halt on expansion because of unease over increasing use
of chemicals. The Herald, 5th April
<http://www.theherald.co.uk/news/archive/5-4-19101-23-53-22.html>



Ross, J (2001) Fish farm inquiry snub prompts appeal to EU. The Scotsman,
7th November
<http://news.scotsman.com/index.cfm?id=1499472001&rware=KDSVPMAIQYJW&CQ_CUR_D>
OCUMENT=11



Roth, M (2000) The availability and use of chemotherapeutic sea lice control
products. Contributions to Zoology 69 (1-2), 109-118

http://sbpark.com/pacrim/dbenvfe2.html#chemoprod <http://sbpark.com/pacrim/dbenvfe2.html>



Royal Society of Edinburgh (2001) RSE working party on infectious salmon
anaemia. RSE, Edinburgh <http://www.ma.hw.ac.uk/RSE/enquiries/isa/>

http://www.geocities.com/ken_sims_98/nzffa/scottishisa.htm#5 <http://www.geocities.com/ken_sims_98/nzffa/scottishisa.htm>



Ruiz, J M (2001) Effects of fish farm loadings on seagrass (Posidonia
oceanica) distribution, growth and photosynthesis. Marine Pollution
Bulletin 42 (9), 749-760

<http://www.elsevier.nl/inca/publications/store/4/0/0/>



Ruokolahti, C (1988) Effects of fish farming on growth and chlorophyll a
content of Cladophora. Marine Pollution Bulletin 19, 166-169



Sandison, B (2000) The fish is off. BBC Wildlife Magazine, January

<http://csf.colorado.edu/mail/deep-ecology/2000/msg00090.html>



Saroglia, M et al (2000) Review of regulations and monitoring of Italian
marine aquaculture. Journal of Applied Ichthyology 16, 182-186



Scoging, A and Bahl, M (1998) Diarrhetic shellfish poisoning in the UK.
The Lancet 352, 117



Scottish Association of Marine Science (2002a) The ecological effects of
sea lice treatment agents on zooplankton in Scottish sea lochs. SAMS, Oban

<http://www.sams.ac.uk/>



Scottish Association of Marine Science (2002b) The toxicity of sea lice
chemotherapeutants to non-target planktonic copepods. SAMS, Oban

<http://www.sams.ac.uk/>



Scottish Association of Marine Science (2002c) Influence of fish farm
nutrient inputs on planktonic microbial activity. SAMS, Oban
<http://www.sams.ac.uk/>



Saegrov, H et al (1997) Escaped farmed Atlantic salmon replace the original
salmon stock in the River Vosso, western Norway. ICES Journal of Marine
Science 54 (6), 1166-1172



Salte, R et al (1987) Fatal acetylcholinesterase inhibition in salmonids
subjected to a routine organophosphate treatment. Aquaculture 61, 173-179

<http://www.ecoserve.ie/projects/sealice/nuvan.html>



Schnick, R A et al (1997) Worldwide aquaculture drug and vaccine
registration progress. Bulletin of the European Association of Fish
Pathologists 17(6), 251-260

<http://ag.ansc.purdue.edu/aquanic/jsa/aquadrugs/publications/world_drug_prog>
ress_9-20-99.htm



Scottish Executive (2002a) Use of malachite green to end. Scottish
Executive, 11th June
<http://www.scotland.gov.uk/pages/news/2002/06/seen056.aspx>



Scottish Executive (2002b) Review and synthesis of the environmental
impacts of aquaculture. Report by the Scottish Association for Marine
Science and Napier University published by the Scottish Executive Central
Research Unit, Edinburgh

<http://www.scotland.gov.uk/cru/kd01/green/reia-00.asp>



Scottish Natural Heritage (2001) Maritime aquaculture and the natural
heritage. Scottish Natural Heritage Policy Statement 01/01, Edinburgh

<http://www.snh.org.uk/pdfs/polstat/maritimeaquaculture.pdf>



Scottish Parliament (2002a) Aquaculture inquiry: stage 1 report (volumes 1
and 2). Transport and Environment Committee, Edinburgh

<http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/official_report/cttee/trans-02/trr02-05-vo>
l01-01.htm

<http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/official_report/cttee/trans-02/trr02-05-vo>
l02-01.htm



Scottish Parliament (2002b) To ask the Scottish Executive how many escapes
of salmon from salmon farms were reported where incidents of infectious
pancreatic necrosis have also been reported in each year since 1979.
Written parliamentary answers, 25th August

<http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/official_report/wa-02/wa0925.htm>



Scottish Wildlife and Countryside Link (1992) The future for sea lice
control in cultured salmonids: a review. SWCL, Perth



Scottish Wildlife and Countryside Link (1993) Bacterial disease control,
antibiotics and the environment in marine finfish culture: a review. SWCL,
Perth



Seafish (2001) Consumer attitudes towards seafood labelling. Seafish, 25th
May

<http://www.seafish.co.uk/news_releases/press152.htm>



Sierra Legal Defence Fund (1997) Containing disaster: global lessons on
salmon aquaculture. Prepared for Greenpeace, Friends of Clayoquot Sound and
the David Suzuki Foundation, Vancouver
<http://www.seaweb.org/resources/sac/reports/4.html>



Solsletten, V (2001) ISA situation worse than ever. Intrafish, 30th
November

<http://www.intrafish.com/articlea.php?articleID=18553>



Solsletten, V (2002a) 2002 proves unfortunate for North Norway and ISA.
Intrafish, 3rd July <http://intrafish.com/article.php?articleID=24848>



Solsletten, V (2002b) Fear of medicine residues unwarranted, claims FHL
head. Intrafish, 10th September
<http://www.intrafish.com/article.php?articleID=26941>



Solsletten, V (2002c) EC names exporters in breach of salmon agreement -
the European Commission has now announced the names of the ten companies
that are said to have breached the EU-Norway salmon agreement. Intrafish,
9th September

<http://www.intrafish.com/article.php?articleID=26934>



Staniford, D (2001) Cage rage: unless there is an inquiry into sea cage
fish farming in Scotland a public backlash might blow it out of the water.
The Ecologist, November 2001
<http://www.theecologist.org/archive_article.html?article=267&category=88>



Staniford, D (2002a) Yes: it's true, pollutants pollute. New Scientist,
11th May

<http://www.newscientist.com/opinion/opletters.jsp?id=ns234211>



Staniford, D (2002b) A big fish in a small pond: the global environmental
and public health threat of sea cage fish farming. Paper presented at
"Sustainability of the Salmon Industry in Chile and the World" - a workshop
organised by the Terram Foundation and Universidad de los Lagos in Puerto
Montt, Chile, 5th-6th June

<http://www.watershed-watch.org/ww/publications/sf/BigFishSmallPond(Chile).pd>
f

<http://www.terram.cl/Expo_Don.html>
<http://www.ecoceanos.cl/ingles/big.htm>



Studela, S (2002) Tuna farming: grab, cage, fatten, sell - tuna farming in
the Mediterranean raising issues of common property resources and plundering
of a stock. Samudra July, 9-17
<http://icsf.net/jsp/samudra/english/issue_32/art2.pdf>



Tacon, A (1994) Dependence of intensive aquaculture systems on fishmeal and
other fishery resources. FAO Aquaculture Newsletter 6, 10-16



Tacon, A and Forster, J (2001) Global trends and challenges to aquaculture
and aquafeed development in the new millenium. In International aquafeed
directory and buyers guide, 4-25



Tacon, A and Barg (2001) Responsible aquaculture development for the next
millennium. In L Mavia and B Garcia (eds) Responsible aquaculture
development in SE Asia. SEAFDEC, Philippines



Talbot, C and Hole, R (1994) Fish diets and the control of eutrophication
resulting from aquaculture. Journal of Applied Ichthyology 10 (4), 259-270



Tovar, A et al (2000) Environmental implications of intensive marine
aquaculture in earthen ponds. Marine Pollution Bulletin 40 (11), 981-988

<http://www.elsevier.nl/inca/publications/store/4/0/0/>



Vliet, T V and Katan, M.B (1990) Lower ratio of n-3 to n-6 fatty acids in
cultured than in wild fish. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 51, 1-2



Veterinary Medicines Directorate (1998) Annual surveillance report for
veterinary residues (1997). Veterinary Medicines Directorate, Surrey
<http://www.vmd.gov.uk>



Webb, J H et al (1991) The spawning behaviour of escaped farmed salmon and
wild adult Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in a northern Scottish river.
Aquaculture 98, 97-110



Webb, J H et al (1993) The spawning of escaped farmed salmon (Salmo salar)
in western and northern Scottish rivers: egg deposition by females.
Aquaculture and Fisheries Management 24, 663-670



Williams, M (1996) The transition in the contribution of living aquatic
resources to food security. International Food Policy Research Institute,
Washington DC

<http://www.cgiar.org/ifpri>



WWF (2002a) Tuna farming a major threat for already over-fished wild tuna
in the Mediterranean, warns WWF. WWF press release, 15th February

<http://www.panda.org/news/press/news.cfm?id=2726>



WWF (2002b) WWF, Greenpeace and ANSE protest against tuna farming in the
Mediterranea. WWF press release, 29th April
<http://www.panda.org/news/press/news.cfm?id=2889>



WWF (2002c) WWF boat attacked by tuna farm workers. WWF Spain press
release, 6th August <http://www.panda.org/news/press/news.cfm?id=3063>



WWF Scotland (2000) Scotland's secret - aquaculture, nutrient pollution
eutrophication and toxic blooms. WWF Scotland, Aberfeldy

<http://www.wwf-uk.org/filelibrary/pdf/secret.pdf>



Youngson, A F et al (1997) Frequency of occurrence of reared Atlantic
salmon in Scottish salmon fisheries. ICES Journal of Marine Science 54,
1216-1220



Youngson, A F et al (1998) Interactions between salmon culture and wild
stocks of Atlantic salmon: the scientific and management issues. North
Atlantic Salmon Conservation Organisation, Edinburgh <http://www.nasco.org>





For further information please contact Don Staniford:
don.staniford@virgin.net <mailto:don.staniford@virgin.net>

 

 You can search this site and FoES

--- ---

Here

Top of Page

TOP

 

==