Finding the way
Generally we navigated using GPS systems. In addition to our position, we used the GPS to calibrate our distance and speed. We used the Garmin eTrex GPS which is small and didn't drain the batteries too rapidly. Battery life in the arctic is severely reduced and must be kept close to the body at all times.
We used a notepad, map, ruler and pencils (ballpoint pens freeze!) to track our positions and progress. Making lines between entry points with a ruler to check how straight we travel.

Ridges and rubble provided waypoints and contrast even in foul weather. Ice drift, leads, rubble and ridges will deviate us from our direction of travel. White-out conditions caused us the greatest difficulty when navigating. It was often very difficult to tell the shape of the terrain in front of us due to vastly reduced contrast. It was hard to tell if the ground was going up or down until you fell over! Another problem we encountered is fog. This could hide open areas of water until we're almost upon them.