| Atomic |
Symbol |
Element |
Relative atomic |
Abundance |
Melting |
Boiling |
Date of |
First ionisation |
First electron |
Electronegativity |
Enthalpy
of |
Density |
| number |
|
|
mass |
/ppm |
point
/K |
point
/K |
discovery |
energy / kJ mol-1 |
affinity / kJ mol-1 |
(Aldred Rochow) |
atomisation / kJ mol-1 |
/ kg m-3 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 1 |
H |
Hydrogen |
1.01 |
1,520.00 |
14 |
20 |
1766 |
1312 |
72.8 |
2.20* |
|
| 2 |
He |
Helium |
4.00 |
0.00 |
1 |
4 |
1895 |
2372 |
‑ 21 (calc.) |
n.a. |
|
| 3 |
Li |
Lithium |
6.94 |
18.00 |
454 |
1,620 |
1817 |
513 |
59.8 |
0.97 |
|
| 4 |
Be |
Beryllium |
9.01 |
2.00 |
1,551 |
3,243 |
1797 |
899 |
‑18 |
1.47 |
|
| 5 |
B |
Boron |
10.81 |
9.00 |
2,573 |
3,931 |
1808 |
801 |
23 |
2.01 |
|
| 6 |
C |
Carbon |
12.01 |
180.00 |
3,820 |
*5,100 |
pre-history |
1086 |
122.5 |
2.50 |
|
| 7 |
N |
Nitrogen |
14.01 |
19.00 |
63 |
77 |
1772 |
1402 |
‑7 |
3.07 |
|
| 8 |
O |
Oxygen |
16.00 |
455,000.00 |
55 |
90 |
1774 |
1314 |
141 |
3.50 |
|
| 9 |
F |
Fluorine |
19.00 |
544.00 |
54 |
85 |
1886 |
1681 |
322 |
4.10 |
|
| 10 |
Ne |
Neon |
20.18 |
0.04 |
24 |
27 |
1898 |
2081 |
‑ 29 (calc.) |
na. |
|
| 11 |
Na |
Sodium |
22.99 |
22,700.00 |
371 |
1,156 |
1807 |
496 |
52.9 |
1.08 |
|
| 12 |
Mg |
Magnesium |
24.31 |
27,640.00 |
922 |
1,363 |
1755 |
738 |
‑21 |
1.23 |
|
| 13 |
Al |
Aluminium |
26.98 |
83,000.00 |
934 |
2,740 |
1825 |
577 |
44 |
1.47 |
|
| 14 |
Si |
Silicon |
28.09 |
272,000.00 |
1,683 |
2,628 |
1824 |
787 |
133.6 |
1.74 |
|
| 15 |
P |
Phosphorus |
30.97 |
1,120.00 |
317 |
553 |
1669 |
1012 |
71.7 |
2.06 |
|
| 16 |
S |
Sulfur |
32.06 |
340.00 |
386 |
718 |
pre-history |
1000 |
200.4 |
2.44 |
|
| 17 |
CI |
Chlorine |
35.45 |
126.00 |
172 |
239 |
1774 |
1251 |
348.7 |
2.83 |
|
| 18 |
Ar |
Argon |
39.95 |
0.04 |
84 |
87 |
1894 |
1520 |
‑ 3 5 (calc.) |
n.a. |
|
| 19 |
K |
Potassium |
39.10 |
18,400.00 |
337 |
1,047 |
1807 |
419 |
43.8 |
0.91 |
|
| 20 |
Ca |
Calcium |
40.08 |
46,600.00 |
1,112 |
1,757 |
1808 |
590 |
‑186 |
1.04 |
|
| 21 |
Sc |
Scandium |
44.96 |
25.00 |
1,814 |
3,104 |
1879 |
631 |
‑70 |
1.20 |
|
| 22 |
Ti |
Titanium |
47.90 |
6,320.00 |
1,933 |
3,560 |
1791 |
658 |
‑2 |
1.32 |
|
| 23 |
V |
Vanadium |
50.94 |
136.00 |
2,160 |
3,650 |
1801 |
650 |
61 |
1.45 |
|
| 24 |
Cr |
Chromium |
52.00 |
122.00 |
2,130 |
2,945 |
1780 |
653 |
94 |
1.56 |
|
| 25 |
Mn |
Manganese |
54.94 |
1,060.00 |
1,517 |
2,235 |
1774 |
717 |
‑94 |
1.60 |
|
| 26 |
Fe |
Iron |
55.85 |
62,000.00 |
1,808 |
3,023 |
c. 2500 BC |
759 |
44 |
1.64 |
|
| 27 |
Co |
Cobalt |
58.93 |
29.00 |
1,768 |
3,143 |
1735 |
760 |
102 |
1.70 |
|
| 28 |
Ni |
Nickel |
58.70 |
99.00 |
1,726 |
3,005 |
1751 |
737 |
156 |
1.75 |
|
| 29 |
Cu |
Copper |
63.55 |
68.00 |
1,357 |
2,840 |
c. 5000 BC |
745 |
118.3 |
1.75 |
|
| 30 |
Zn |
Zinc |
65.38 |
76.00 |
693 |
1,180 |
Pre 1500* |
906 |
9 |
1.66 |
|
| 31 |
Ga |
Gallium |
69.74 |
19.00 |
303 |
2,676 |
1875 |
579 |
36 (calc.) |
1.82 |
|
| 32 |
Ge |
Germanium |
72.59 |
1.50 |
1,211 |
3,103 |
1896 |
762 |
116 |
2.02 |
|
| 33 |
As |
Arsenic |
74.92 |
1.80 |
1,090 |
*889 |
c. 1250 |
947 |
77 |
2.20 |
|
| 34 |
Se |
Selenium |
78.96 |
0.05 |
490 |
958 |
1817 |
941 |
195 |
2.48 |
|
| 35 |
Br |
Bromine |
79.90 |
2.50 |
266 |
332 |
1826 |
1140 |
324.5 |
2.74 |
|
| 36 |
Kr |
Krypton |
83.80 |
0.00 |
117 |
121 |
1898 |
1351 |
‑ 39 (calc.) |
2.9* |
|
| 37 |
Rb |
Rubidium |
85.47 |
78.00 |
312 |
961 |
1861 |
403 |
46.9 |
0.89 |
|
| 38 |
Sr |
Strontium |
87.62 |
384.00 |
1,042 |
1,657 |
1808 |
550 |
‑146 |
0.99 |
|
| 39 |
Y |
Yttrium |
88.91 |
31.00 |
1,795 |
3,611 |
1794 |
616 |
‑39 |
1.11 |
|
| 40 |
Zr |
Zirconium |
91.22 |
162.00 |
2,125 |
4,650 |
1789 |
660 |
43 |
1.22 |
|
| 41 |
Nb |
Niobium |
92.91 |
20.00 |
2,741 |
5,015 |
1801 |
664 |
109 |
1.23 |
|
| 42 |
Mo |
Molybdenum |
95.94 |
1.20 |
2,890 |
4,885 |
1781 |
685 |
114 |
1.30 |
|
| 43 |
Tc |
Technetium |
98 |
0.00 |
2,445 |
5,150 |
1937 |
702 |
96 |
1.36 |
|
| 44 |
Ru |
Ruthenium |
101.17 |
0.00 |
2,583 |
4,173 |
1808 |
711 |
146 |
1.42 |
|
| 45 |
Rh |
Rhodium |
102.91 |
0.00 |
2,239 |
4,000 |
1803 |
720 |
162 |
1.45 |
|
| 46 |
Pd |
Palladium |
106.40 |
0.02 |
1,825 |
3,413 |
1803 |
805 |
98.4 |
1.35 |
|
| 47 |
Ag |
Silver |
107.87 |
0.08 |
1,235 |
2,485 |
c. 3000 BC |
731 |
125.7 |
1.42 |
|
| 48 |
Cd |
Cadmium |
112.41 |
0.16 |
594 |
1,038 |
1817 |
868 |
‑26 |
1.46 |
|
| 49 |
In |
Indium |
114.82 |
0.24 |
429 |
2,353 |
1863 |
558 |
34 |
1.49 |
|
| 50 |
Sn |
Tin |
118.69 |
2.10 |
505 |
2,543 |
c. 2100 BC |
709 |
121 |
1.72 |
|
| 51 |
Sb |
Antimony |
121.75 |
0.20 |
904 |
1,908 |
c. 1600 BC |
834 |
101 |
1.82 |
|
| 52 |
Te |
Tellurium |
127.60 |
0.00 |
723 |
1,263 |
1783 |
869 |
190.2 |
2.01 |
|
| 53 |
I |
Iodine |
126.90 |
0.46 |
387 |
458 |
1811 |
1008 |
295.3 |
2.21 |
|
| 54 |
Xe |
Xenon |
131.30 |
0.00 |
161 |
166 |
1898 |
1170 |
‑ 41 (calc.) |
2.6* |
|
| 55 |
Cs |
Caesium |
132.91 |
2.60 |
302 |
952 |
1860 |
3757 |
45.5 |
0.86 |
|
| 56 |
Ba |
Barium |
137.33 |
390.00 |
1,002 |
1,910 |
1808 |
503 |
‑46 |
0.97 |
|
| 57 |
La |
Lanthanum |
138.91 |
35.00 |
1,194 |
3,730 |
1839 |
538 |
53 |
1.08 |
|
| 58 |
Ce |
Cerium |
140.12 |
66.00 |
1,072 |
3,699 |
1803 |
527 |
50 |
1.06 |
|
| 59 |
Pr |
Praseodymium |
140.91 |
9.10 |
1,204 |
3,785 |
1885 |
523 |
50 |
1.07 |
|
| 60 |
Nd |
Neodymium |
144.24 |
40.00 |
1,294 |
3,341 |
1885 |
530 |
50 |
1.07 |
|
| 61 |
Pm |
Promethium |
145 |
0.00 |
1,441 |
est
3,000 |
1945 |
536 |
50 |
1.07 |
|
| 62 |
Sm |
Samarium |
150.40 |
7.00 |
1,350 |
2,064 |
1879 |
543 |
50 |
1.07 |
|
| 63 |
Eu |
Europium |
151.96 |
2.10 |
1,095 |
1,870 |
1901 |
547 |
50 |
1.01 |
|
| 64 |
Gd |
Gadolinium |
157.25 |
6.10 |
1,586 |
3,539 |
1880 |
593 |
50 |
1.11 |
|
| 65 |
Tb |
Terbium |
158.93 |
1.20 |
1,629 |
3,396 |
1843 |
565 |
50 |
1.10 |
|
| 66 |
Dy |
Dysprosium |
162.50 |
4.50 |
1,685 |
2,835 |
1886 |
572 |
50 |
1.10 |
|
| 67 |
Ho |
Holmium |
164.93 |
1.30 |
1,747 |
2,968 |
1878 |
581 |
50 |
1.10 |
|
| 68 |
Er |
Erbium |
167.26 |
3.50 |
1,802 |
3,136 |
1842 |
589 |
50 |
1.11 |
|
| 69 |
Tm |
Thulium |
168.93 |
0.50 |
1,818 |
2,220 |
1879 |
597 |
50 |
1.11 |
|
| 70 |
Yb |
Ytterbium |
173.04 |
3.10 |
1,097 |
1,466 |
1878 |
603 |
50 |
1.06 |
|
| 71 |
Lu |
Lutetium |
174.97 |
0.80 |
1,936 |
3,668 |
1907 |
524 |
50 |
1.14 |
|
| 72 |
Hf |
Hafnium |
178.49 |
2.80 |
2,503 |
5,470 |
1923 |
642 |
61 |
1.23 |
|
| 73 |
Ta |
Tantalum |
180.95 |
1.70 |
3,269 |
5,698 |
1802 |
761 |
14 |
1.33 |
|
| 74 |
W |
Tungsten |
183.85 |
1.20 |
3,680 |
5,930 |
1783 |
770 |
119 |
1.40 |
|
| 75 |
Re |
Rhenium |
186.21 |
0.00 |
3,453 |
5,900 |
1925 |
760 |
37 |
1.46 |
|
| 76 |
Os |
Osmium |
190.20 |
0.01 |
3,327 |
5,300 |
1803 |
840 |
139 |
1.52 |
|
| 77 |
Ir |
Iridium |
192.22 |
0.00 |
2,683 |
4,403 |
1803 |
880 |
190 |
1.55 |
|
| 78 |
Pt |
Platinum |
195.09 |
0.01 |
2,045 |
4,100 |
Pre 1700 |
870 |
247 |
1.44 |
|
| 79 |
Au |
Gold |
196.97 |
0.00 |
1,338 |
3,080 |
c. 3000 BC |
890 |
223 |
1.42 |
|
| 80 |
Hg |
Mercury |
200.59 |
0.08 |
234 |
630 |
c. 1500 BC |
1007 |
‑18 |
1.44 |
|
| 81 |
Ti |
Thallium |
204.37 |
0.70 |
577 |
1,730 |
1861 |
589 |
30 |
1.44 |
|
| 82 |
Pb |
Lead |
207.20 |
13.00 |
601 |
2,013 |
c. 1000 BC |
716 |
35.2 |
1.55 |
|
| 83 |
Bi |
Bismuth |
208.98 |
0.01 |
545 |
1,883 |
c. 1500 |
703 |
101 |
1.67 |
|
| 84 |
Po |
Polonium |
209 |
0.00 |
527 |
1,235 |
1898 |
812 |
186 |
1.76 |
|
| 85 |
At |
Astatine |
210 |
0.00 |
est
575 |
est
610 |
1940 |
930 |
270 |
1.96 |
|
| 86 |
Rn |
Radon |
222 |
0.00 |
202 |
211 |
1900 |
1037 |
‑41 (calc.) |
c. 2.0 (est.) |
|
| 87 |
Fr |
Francium |
223 |
0.00 |
300 |
950 |
1939 |
400 |
44 (calc.) |
0.86 |
|
| 88 |
Re |
Radium |
226.03 |
0.00 |
973 |
1,413 |
1898 |
509 |
|
0.97 |
|
| 89 |
Ac |
Actinium |
227 |
0.00 |
1,320 |
3,470 |
1899 |
499 |
|
1.00 |
|
| 90 |
Th |
Thorium |
232.04 |
8.10 |
2,023 |
5,060 |
1815 |
587 |
|
1.11 |
|
| 91 |
Pa |
Protactinium |
231.04 |
0.00 |
2,113 |
est
4,300 |
1917 |
568 |
|
1.14 |
|
| 92 |
U |
Uranium |
238.03 |
2.30 |
1,406 |
4,018 |
1789 |
584 |
|
1.22 |
|
| 93 |
Np |
Neptunium |
237 |
0.00 |
913 |
4,175 |
1940 |
597 |
|
1.22 |
|
| 94 |
Pu |
Plutonium |
244 |
0.00 |
914 |
3,505 |
1940 |
585 |
|
1.22 |
|
| 95 |
Am |
Americium |
243 |
0.00 |
1,267 |
2,880 |
1944 |
578 |
|
|
|
| 96 |
Cm |
Curium |
247 |
0.00 |
- |
- |
1944 |
581 |
|
|
|
| 97 |
Bk |
Berkelium |
247 |
0.00 |
- |
- |
1949 |
601 |
|
|
|
| 98 |
Cf |
Californium |
251 |
0.00 |
- |
- |
1950 |
608 |
|
|
|
| 99 |
Es |
Einsteinium |
254 |
0.00 |
- |
- |
1952 |
619 |
|
|
|
| 100 |
Fm |
Fermium |
257 |
0.00 |
- |
- |
1952 |
627 |
|
|
|
| 101 |
Md |
Mendelevium |
258 |
0.00 |
- |
- |
1955 |
635 |
|
|
|
| 102 |
No |
Nobelium |
259 |
0.00 |
- |
- |
1958 |
642 |
|
|
|
| 103 |
Lr |
Lawrencium |
260 |
0.00 |
- |
- |
1961 |
- |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|