On May 11 Cdr Tim Gedge AFC, RN
(Rtd) gave a fascinating talk centred around his wide
experience with Sea Harrier. Tim's Fleet Air Arm career
started in 1963 and he retired in 1996. In between he flew
Sea Vixens and Phantoms off the big carriers Victorious and
Ark Royal, was CO of the first Sea Harrier squadron, 800 NAS,
and of 809 NAS during the Falklands campaign, had postings at
the Dartmouth Staff College, with the Directorate of Naval
Air Warfare and the Directorate of Operational Requirements
as well as with the British Naval Staff in Washington DC. He
now runs a wooden boat building academy in Dorset ensuring
that those skills are kept alive. Clearly a total naval
aviation person!
Tim started by briefly covering the background to the Sea
Harrier - P.1154 cancellation and navalisation of the Harrier
GRMk1 - before moving on to the introduction into service of
the Sea Harrier FRSMk1. In 1979 Tim was selected to form the
Sea Harrier Intensive Flying Trials Unit which in 1980 grew
into the 800 NAS. There followed sea trials in Invincible and
Hermes and demonstration flying at the 1980 SBAC show.






He remained CO until early 1982 when he handed over to Lt Cdr
Andy Auld. Tim then became heavily involved in devising a
response to the Argentine attacks on South Georgia and the
Falkland Islands. The solution was that the Royal Navy should
send a task force and Tim now had to solve the problems of
getting the carriers, aircraft and other ships to the South
Atlantic. Two carriers were to go; Invincible with 8 Sea
Harriers and Hermes with 12, which amounted to 2 squadrons
with 20 pilots. Tim was then given the job of forming a third
front line squadron of 10 aircraft at Yeovilton, 809 NAS,
necessary because 'expert opinion' was that the 20 Sea
Harriers would all be lost in 2 1/2 days! However, Tim
discounted this view and suppressed it as being
unhelpful.
The FAA had the highest praise for the Sea Harrier and its
simple, well proven systems. There were shortcomings in the
radar, the inertial navigation system 'crashed' when
operating south of the equator and the radar warning system
was a distraction, but these were worked round. The AIM-9L
had to be cleared and 6 were successfully fired in Yeovilton
trials, the only mod. being minor file and hacksaw work on
the launcher. The -9L was the advanced all-aspect Sidewinder
and much has been made by analysts of the importance of this
feature to the success of the Sea Harriers. However, all
AIM-9L kills were from stern shots for which the already
cleared -9B would have been satisfactory. The escape tactic
adopted by the Argentine Air Force Mirages was to turn away
and light the afterburner, a fundamental mistake when opposed
by heat seeking missiles.
Tim had arrived at Yeovilton on April 6 and on the 30st he
led 6 of his 809 Squadron's Sea Harriers, accompanied by 2
RAF tankers (which were rotated), on the 3700 nm flight to
Ascension Island, via Gambia as nobody knew at that time if
the Harrier could fly the full 8 hour trip. They arrived on
May 1 and on the 5th flew to the Atlantic Conveyer 'instant
carrier' and VL'd on the pad at the forward end. The naval
architects at Bath had looked at the merchant fleet and found
two suitable ships. Conveyer was docked at Liverpool and a
conversion team set to work. Tim then did 6 successful VLs
and the ship was cleared as operationally capable in 24
hours. Once on board the Harriers were sprayed with WD40 and
wrapped up for the voyage south. One aircraft was kept at
readiness for self defence purposes. Once south 809's
aircraft transferred to Hermes and Invincible. Later the
Conveyor would be destroyed by two Exocets with the loss of
Chinook helicopters and valuable stores.
HMS Sheffield was also destroyed by an Exocet missile which
got through when the ship's radar was temporarily blocked by
a satellite radio transmission. HMS Coventry too, was
destroyed by mischance. Knowing she was to be attacked by
A-4s the command decided to respond with missiles so the Sea
Harriers were held off. Unfortunately an escort vessel
crossed in front and blanked the missile radar view, with
disastrous consequences.
The Falklands look like the western Highlands of Scotland -
lots of islands and water with scattered settlements amongst
the peat. A search was made for an amphibious landing site
and San Carlos, well protected by hills, was selected. The
landing would be opposed, not part of current doctrine which
assumed air superiority already established. There were 174
Argentine fighters available versus 20 Sea Harriers, as well
as 10,000 Argentine troops. However, the landings went
well.
The Sea Harriers were operating from 150 - 250 miles out
from San Carlos requiring careful fuel planning. Besides the
primary combat air patrol work the aircraft carried VT fused
1000 lb bombs which were dropped on Stanley airport from
altitudes up to 35,000 ft to remain out of reach of the
anti-aircraft guns. The aircraft were outstandingly
successful with only 1% of planned sorties missed. The great
operational flexibility of the Sea Harrier in appalling
weather conditions was invaluable and its ability to VL its
greatest asset. In extremis they would have been landed on
frigates or destroyers so there were lots of 'decks'
available.
After the Falklands Tim visited North America to lecture
about the war. He was often asked if it would not have been
better to have big carriers with conventional aircraft. His
answer was that the war would have been lost (unless it had
been politically acceptable to use a strike carrier to 'nuke'
the Argentine mainland). The ship pitch limits would have
made operations impossible for F-14/F-18 type aircraft
because the downhill slopes generated by South Atlantic
swells would be similar to the aircraft approach angle. The
ski-jump and VL capability allowed the Sea Harriers to
operate on comparatively wildly pitching decks. VL is the key
capability.
Lessons learnt were applied to the FRSMk2 (now FA2, being
withdrawn from service): Blue Vixen radar with look-down
capability, AMRAAM missiles usable in cloud, ECM that worked
and more fuel in larger drop tanks. However, the FRSMk2
needed too much pilot involvement compared with the FRSMk1. A
replacement, to NST6464, was also studied (P.1216 etc) but
not funded. Warton even proposed a tail sitting EFA (Typhoon
now). Imagine landing back at night on a pitching and rolling
deck!
Looking to the future Tim noted that the new RN 60,000 ton
(Invincible is 20,000) carrier is planned for 2012. This will
be a new environment and RN deck personnel should be training
now on US carriers. The aircraft will be Joint Strike
Fighters...and these MUST be the VL variant. Meanwhile all
Sea Harrier squadrons will have been disbanded in 2006, with
800 reforming with the Harrier GR 9A. This is considerably
slower than the FA2 and has no air-air capability so the
fleet will, once again, be dependant on shore based fighters
(or the USN).
During question time Tim noted that prior to Falklands
operations the FAA had not been allowed to contact friends in
France to arrange air combat practice with Mirages. However,
a Mirage did visit Cottesmore for simulated air combat with a
Harrier two-seater, flown by an RAF (ground attack) pilot
with an FAA (fighter) pilot aboard but not permitted to fly.
Unsurprisingly the Harrier lost. Tim also observed that the
Argentine A-4s scored many hits on ships but because they
released too low the bombs did not have time to fuse. Asked
about the RAF Vulcan attacks Tim replied that although only
one bomb hit the runway it did demonstrate to the Argentines
that the RAF could easily reach their homeland if
necessary.
The vote of thanks was given by Duncan Simpson who quoted
Sir Sydney Camm on watching the P1127 at Farnborough
"...and what the hell have we given birth to now?" "A pilots'
aeroplane, fun and a joy to fly!" according to Cdr Tim Gedge.