Figure 1-1. Basic hydraulic device
Figure 1-5. Interaction of hydraulic and atmospheric pressures
Figure 1-6. Force, pressure, and area
Figure 1-7. Pascal's Law apparatus
Figure 1-8. Laminar and turbulent flow
Figure 1-9. Effect of friction on pressure
Figure 1-10. Bernouilli's Principle
Figure 1-11. Combined effects of friction and velocity changes
Figure 2-2-1. Motor-reversing system
Figure 2-2-2. Motor-reversing system (continued)
Figure 2-3. Open-center system
Figure 2-4. Open-center system with a series connection
Figure 2-5. Open-center system with a series/parallel connection
Figure 2-6. Open-center system with a flow divider
Figure 2-7. Closed-center system
Figure 2-8. Fixed-displacement pump and accumulator
Figure 2-9. Variable-displacement pump
Figure 2-10. Closed-center system with charging pump
Figure 2-11. Design features of a reservoir
Figure 2-12. Hydraulic-system stainers
Figure 2-13. Full-flow hydraulic filter
Figure 2-14. Proportional-flow filter
Figure 2-15. Spring-loaded accumulator
Figure 2-16. Bag-type accumulator
Figure 2-17. Piston-type accumulator
Figure 2-19. Nutating-piston-disc flowmeter
Figure 2-20. Portable hydraulic-circuit tester
Figure 2-21. Method of installing tubing
Figure 2-22. Flexible rubber hose
Figure 2-23. Installing flexible hose
Figure 2-24. Threaded-pipe connectors
Figure 2-25. Flared-tube connector
Figure 2-26. Flared-tube fittings
Figure 2-27. Field-attachable couplings
Figure 2-28. Hose-length measurement
Figure 2-30. Permanently attached couplings
Figure 2-33. Female portion of a fitting
Figure 2-34. Male and female portions of a fitting
Figure 2-35. Tightening a fitting
Figure 2-36. Nonskived fitting
Figure 2-38. Assembly of clamp-type coupling
Figure 2-41. O-ring removal tool
Figure 2-48. Compression packing
Figure 3-1. Nonpositive-displacement pump
Figure 3-2. Reciprocating-type, positive-displacement pump
Figure 3-3. Positive-displacement pump
Figure 3-6. External gear pump
Figure 3-7. Internal gear pump
Figure 3-9. Unbalanced vane pump
Figure 3-10. Balanced vane pump
Figure 3-11. Vane-type double pump
Figure 3-12-1. Fluid flow from vane-type double pumps
Figure 3-12-2. Fluid flow from vane-type double pumps (continued)
Figure 3-13. Vane-type, two-stage pump
Figure 3-14. Simplified radial piston pump
Figure 3-15. Nine-piston radial piston pump
Figure 3-16. Pintle for a radial piston pump
Figure 3-17. Cylinder block for a radial piston pump
Figure 3-18. Pistons for a radial piston pump
Figure 3-19-1. In-line piston pump (Diagram A)
Figure 3-19-2. In-line piston pump (Diagram B)
Figure 3-20. Bent-axial piston pump
Figure 4-1. Single-acting cylinder
Figure 4-2. Double-acting cylinder
Figure 4-3. Nondifferential cylinder
Figure 4-4. Telescoping, ram-type, actuating cylinder
Figure 4-5. Single-acting, spring-loaded, piston-type cylinder
Figure 4-6. Double-acting, piston-type cylinder
Figure 4-7. Cushioned, actuating cylinder
Figure 4-8. Applications of cylinders
Figure 4-9. Basic operations of a hydraulic motor
Figure 4-12. Pressure differential on a vane-type motor
Figure 4-13. Flow condition in a vane-type pump
Figure 4-14. Rocker arms pushing vanes in a pump
Figure 4-15. In-line-axis, piston-type motor
Figure 4-17. Bent-axis, piston-type motor
Figure 5-2. Simple relief valve
Figure 5-3. Compound relief valve
Figure 5-4. Pressure-reducing valve
Figure 5-5. X-series, pressure-reducing valve
Figure 5-6. Internal construction of an XC-series valve
Figure 5-8. Application of sequence valve
Figure 5-9. Counterbalance valve
Figure 5-12. Operation of a simple poppet valve
Figure 5-13. Operation of sliding-spool, directional-control valve
Figure 5-14. Swing-type check valve
Figure 5-15. Vertical check valve
Figure 5-16. Spring-loaded check valve
Figure 5-17. Standard check valve
Figure 5-18. Restriction check valve
Figure 5-19. Pilot-operated check valve
Figure 5-20. Pilot-operated check valve, second type
Figure 5-22. Flow conditions in a circuit
Figure 5-23. Working view of poppet-type, four-way valve
Figure 5-24. Schematic of a four-way, directional-control, sliding-spool valve
Figure 5-25. Closed-center spool valve
Figure 5-26. Open-center spool valve
Figure 5-27. Shifting spool by hand lever
Figure 5-28. Spool shifted by pilot pressure
Figure 5-29. Solenoid-operated, sliding-spool, directional-control valve
Figure 5-30. Cross section of a gate valve
Figure 5-31. Operation of a globe valve
Figure 5-32. Sectional view of a needle valve
Figure 5-34. Variable restrictor
Figure 5-35. Orifice check valve
Figure 5-37. Typical meter-in circuit
Figure 5-38. Typical meter-out circuit
Figure 5-41. Volume-control valve
Figure 5-42. Pressure-control valve
Figure 5-43. Cartridge-type relief valve
Figure 5-44. Readings on a cartridge-type relief valve
Figure 6-1. Graphical-circuit diagram
Figure 6-2-1. USASI graphical symbols
Figure 6-2-2. USASI graphical symbols (continued)
Figure 6-4. Hydraulic line symbols
Figure 6-5. Crossing lines A and B
Figure 6-9. Pressure-control-valve symbols
Figure 6-10. Relief-valve symbol
Figure 6-11. Sequence-valve symbol
Figure 6-12. Check-valve symbol
Figure 6-13. Counterbalance-valve symbol
Figure 6-14. Pressure-reducing-valve symbol
Figure 6-15. Flow-control-valve symbol
Figure 6-16. Unloading-valve symbol
Figure 6-17. Four-way, directional-control-valve symbol
Figure 6-18. Mobile directional-control-valve symbol
Figure 6-19. Fluid-conditioner symbols
Figure 6-20. Accumulator symbol
Figure 6-21. Hydraulic-lift circuit in neutral
Figure 6-22. Manual-steering-gear layout
Figure 6-23. Power-steering layout
Figure 6-24. Semi-integral power-steering system
Figure 6-25. Hydraulic circuit diagram for a road-patrol truck
Figure 6-26. Hydraulic tester connected to a pump's output
Figure 7-1. Common electrical schematic symbols
Figure 7-2. Comparison of electrical and hydraulic components
Figure 7-3. Comparison of electrical and hydraulic circuits
Figure 7-4. Schematic diagrams illustrating zero reference point
Figure 7-5. Battery installed between earth ground and chassis ground
Table 5-1. Classifications of directional-control valves
Table 6-1. Problems and solutions with pump operations
Table 6-2. Problems and solutions with actuating mechanism
Table 6-3. Problems and solutions with heating oil
Table 6-4. Problems and solutions with fluid motors
Table 6-5. Problems and solutions with accumulator operation
Table A-1. Metric conversion chart
