Great Poet (Lord Byron)
Now rated amongst the world's greatest poets, Byron's works were being published in America and translated into German. And bounding along was his new work Don Juan about a charming, handsome young man who delights in succumbing to beautiful women. But the tale's outspoken wit and satire were directed at hypocrisy in all its forms.
Byron rejected Claire's request that their daughter Allegra, now 4 years old, be allowed to visit her mother at Pisa - he disapproved of the treatment of children in the Shelley family. Instead, he moved Allegra to a convent a few miles from Ravenna where the Capuchin nuns had established a school for girls.
Anxious about Allegra for Claire's sake, Percy Shelley visited Byron at Ravenna where they sat up talking till five in the morning. Encountering Byron's menagerie for the first time, Shelley wrote: 'I have just met on the grand staircase five peacocks, two guinea hens and an Egyptian crane.' Shelley then visited Allegra at the convent, taking a gold chain and a basket of sweetmeats, and found her treated with neither neglect nor harshness.
Through Teresa's family, the Gambas, Byron became inoculated in the cause for Italian independence. Providing money for arms, he turned his home into an arsenal. After an uprising in Naples against Bourbon rule, one Cardinal wrote to another: 'Also suspected of complicity in this bold plot is the well-known Lord Byron.'
After receiving a threat of assassination and warned not to ride in secluded parts of the woods - there was also brawling and bloodshed at his door - Byron moved to the Lanfranchi Palace at Pisa. Teresa lived with her family three minutes ride away, and the Shelleys had an apartment on the opposite bank of the Arno river. Claire had left for Florence.
| Percy Shelley Shelley and Byron could almost greet each other across the river and became good friends. Teresa liked Shelley though she suspected that he was trying to convert Byron to something or other, but she was satisfied that the charming madman was wasting his time. Byron said of him: 'He is one of the most moral men as well as the most amiable man I know.' But incensed by Byron's inflexibility about putting Allegra into the convent, Shelley pleaded with him 'to disally himself from being insensible to the claims of humanity'. Shelley often thought Byron wicked and Byron often thought Shelley mad. Augusta was sending him reports from England of his other daughter Ada and he acknowledged receipt of a lock of Ada's hair from Lady Byron. He told his wife that he had but two thoughts of her: 'That she was the mother of his child; and they would never meet again.' There could be no excuse for Byron's treatment of Keats. Having received a volume of Keat's poetry, he trashed it: 'No more Keats, I entreat, flay him alive . . . there is no bearing the drivelling idiotism of the Mankin.' Three months later Keats died and Byron felt rather ashamed of himself and asked that all he had said about him be omitted from any of his publications. |
Death of Allegra
News came from the convent that Allegra had a slow fever. Byron had not seen her in over a year but only sent a messenger for more information. News came back that she had been bled and was a little better. Two days later she took a turn for the worse and died. She was five years and three months old. Her loss was stunning. Byron later wrote: 'While she lived her existence never seemed necessary to my happiness: but no sooner did I lose her that it appeared to me as if I could not live without her.'
With Claire's consent, the child's body was borne to England and buried in Harrow church. The vicar would not allow an inscription. In a letter, Claire upbraided Byron for his whole conduct toward her and her child, and thereafter, for the rest of her life, nursed an embittered grievance against him.
| Death of Shelley Byron's friendship with Shelley was also to end in horror. With his friend Edward Williams and an English boy sailor, Shelley set sail in his new little boat the Don Juan from Leghorn to Lerici. The storm that blew up lasted no more than 20 minutes, but the boat disappeared. After several days of agonised waiting, two bodies were washed ashore - and another two days later. Shelley and Williams were identified and the authorities insisted on cremation on the spot. John Trelawny, a friend of Shelley, and a sea-going adventurer with a flair for literature, performed the task. Byron was violently sick, dived into the sea and swam to his boat. Shelley's ashes were put in a box and placed beside his son William in the Protestant cemetery in Rome. Feeling remorse that he had not appreciated Shelley's friendship whilst he was alive, Byron wrote: 'There is thus another man gone, about whom the world was ill-naturedly, ignorantly, and brutally mistaken. I will, perhaps, do him justice now, when he can be no better for it.' |
Revolutionary
Byron moved on to Genoa where he began to receive attentions from the police. He had issued a manifesto sympathetic to the Italian insurgents and joined a revolutionary body pledged against Austrian rule. Towards the end of February 1823, however, a friend observed: '. . . his thoughts veered round to his early love, the Isles of Greece, and the revolution in that country.'
In the cause of freeing the Greeks from Turkish rule, a Greek Committee had been formed in London. Byron told them that he was willing to lend his name - for what it was worth - and would lend money with a free hand. This was a worthy cause to which a poet of liberty might splendidly give his name; but he desired to do more - he wanted to engage in active service. Though fully aware that gunpowder, guns and medical supplies were essential to win campaigns - not heroics, and that Greek independence meant hard campaigns not roughing it on a beefsteak and a bottle of port, he couldn't resist buying resplendent scarlet and gold uniforms for himself and his staff.
| Hercules The brig Hercules, a collier-built tub of 120 tons, was hired to take himself and his party to Leghorn. Making up the ship's complement were Teresa's brother Pietro; Dr. Bruno, a young Italian doctor fresh out of medical school; eight servants including a gondolier and a Negro; four horses; two dogs; and the ship's captain, who drank a bottle of rum every day. At Byron's invitation, John Trelawny, who had learned his sailing as a midshipman in the British Navy but now described himself as a living corsair, also joined the party. He didn't like Byron. 'Byron never drew a sword to redress any wrongs but his own,' he said, but later had to admit: 'That if he had drawn his sword in Greece he would have thrown away the scabbard.' Teresa tried to dissuade Byron from going, even wanted to go with him, but he refused her. She became half delirious with sorrow, having a premonition that she would never see him again. Byron solemnly promised to return to her. After five days sailing the Hercules arrived at Leghorn. Byron was immediately advised to head for Cephalonia where he would find Sir Charles Napier, the only man in office favourably disposed to the Greek cause. Unsure whether he was bidding for laurels or a fool's cap, Byron appeared distant. The party arrived at the island's capital Argostoli on 3 August where Byron received conflicting reports. Since the insurgent Greeks were in dissent and the Turks commanded the seas surrounding the mainland, Byron decided: 'Not to budge an inch until I can see my way.' Even though pestered with emissaries seeking his interest and money, he continued his riding, pistol practice and a diet of a mess of cold potatoes, rice, fish or greens, deluged in vinegar. The strong drastic pills added to it did not improve his health. Twice he had violent seizures. Once he was found in his bedroom half-undressed, standing in a far corner like a hunted animal at bay, and was driven back by a well-aimed chair. Next morning, he was graciously himself again. |
Missolonghi
The Suliots - Christian Albanians driven out by the Turks - were taken on by Byron as a bodyguard but continually asked for higher pay, so he shipped them off to Missolonghi. Appealing for funds from his agent at home, he wrote: 'I must do my best to the shirt - and to the skin if necessary . . . Why, man! if we had but 100,000 lira sterling in hand, we should now be halfway to the city of Constantine.'
Prince Alexander Mavrocordatus, elected first President of Greece, wrote to Byron saying that his appearance would 'electrify the troops' and so Byron's presence at Missolonghi became the need of the hour. Byron's party sailed out of Argostoli on 5 January. Delayed by the attentions of a Turkish frigate, Byron finally stepped ashore at Missolonghi in a borrowed red uniform to salvos of artillery, firing of muskets and wild music.
The poet was received by Prince Mavrocordatus at the head of his staff. With scarcely time to wash, petitioners were clamouring for a hearing - the army and navy were threatening desertion if arrears of pay were not forthcoming. 'Would Byron pay them?'
'Yes, and would they mind calling at a more convenient time?'
Sanitation there was none. From the window of his house Byron looked out over a mud basket of mud flats, frog-infested marshes and stagnant pools. Little was available in the house by way of comforts, or even necessities. Fever was almost a condition of citizenship and to make matters worse it rained through most of January. And there was a devil of a noise going on. Over 4,000 rowdy soldiers had followed Prince Mavrocordatus to the town. A sailor would fall out with a customs official over twopence and shots would ring out over a torrent of oaths.
William Parry, 'a fine rough object,' arrived from London to take charge of the artillery. An expert in Greek fire, he couldn't demonstrate his skill because no ingredients were available. Nevertheless, plans were laid for an assault on Lepanto in the Spring. Judicious bribery had paved the way and Byron was to lead the Suliot troops himself. Still it rained.
Byron was dispensing 2,000 Spanish dollars a week in rations alone, and when it became apparent that he was to finance and command all the expedition against Lepanto, he flew into a rage. When he had calmed down, he decided to make Parry his paymaster. The constant strain on his purse and his nerves began to tell. One evening while drinking cider and joking, he had a violent convulsion and fell into Parry's arms. When the fit subsided he was put to bed and didn't rise till the following noon.
Parry recommended a more nourishing diet but the doctor applied eight leeches to his temples which still bled when the leeches were removed. Though he recovered, Byron's health remained precarious. Neither did his temper improve and he resumed his riding. Still it rained.
| Death of a Poet Early in April, Byron was caught riding in a deluge and arrived back at his house wet through and in a violent sweat. Dr. Bruno diagnosed rheumatic fever, nothing serious. When Byron still showed signs of fever a few days later, another doctor was called in. He also bled him. Parry called to see the ailing poet and wrote later: 'He seemed resigned and composed, so different from anything I had ever seen in him before.' Two more doctors were called in when Byron became delirious. Out of the confusion of tongues surrounding him came agreement on only one point - bleed him. Byron resisted, called them a damned set of butchers, but they bled him again, applying 12 leeches at the temples and extracting 2 lbs of blood. There were lucid intervals between his delirium and on Sunday evening he was heard to say: 'I want to sleep now.' The poet scarcely moved again. At 6:0 p.m. the following day, Easter Monday, he opened his eyes, and as if he had seen enough of the world, immediately closed them again. At that moment one of the most awful thunderstorms broke over Missolonghi and Byron died. He was aged only 36.
One hundred years later at 6:0 p.m. on 24 April 1924 at Missolonghi, the Greek artillery fired another 37 minute gun-salute, and the President of the University of Athens told a gathering how an English poet had helped to put Greeks back again among the nations. Greece had remembered and always would. |
Let us have Love, Wine and Women, Mirth and Laughter,
Sermons and soda-water the day after.
Don Juan II: 178